Poor, tragic Blanche DuBois.

In 1951’s A Streetcar Named Desire, the emotionally fragile Blanche (played by Vivien Leigh) has come to New Orleans to live with her younger sister, Stella (Kim Hunter).  From an old and formerly wealthy Southern family, Blanche has recently lost both her job as a teacher and the plantation where she and Stella grew up.  Even before that, she lost her husband to suicide.  And now Blanche has been reduced to living with Stella in the run-down apartment that she shares with her brutish husband, Stanley Kowalksi (Marlon Brando).

Stanley is tough and blue-collar, an earthy gambler whose bad manners stand in sharp contrast to Blanche’s attempts to present herself as being an elegant Southern belle.  Stanley, who is convinced that Blanche has money that she’s hiding from her sister, goes out of his way torment Blanche.  Stella, who is pregnant, tries to keep the peace between her sister and the man who claims to love her, his family, and the Napoleonic code.  (“Stella!” Stanley yells at one point, the cry of a wounded animal who desperately needs his mate.)  Blanche ends up going on a tentative date with Mitch (Karl Malden), one of Stanley’s co-workers,  Stanley, who sees Blanche as a threat to the life that he’s created for himself, goes out of his way to destroy even that relationship.  Blanche has secrets of her own and Stanley is determined to dig them up and use them to his own advantage.  When Blanche refuses to allow Stanley to destroy the fantasy world that she’s created for herself, Stanley commits an act of unspeakable violence.

Based on the play by Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire is a recreation of the film’s legendary Broadway production.  Elia Kazan, who directed the theatrical production, does the same for the film.  Marlon Brando, Kim Hunter, and Karl Malden recreate their stage roles and many of the minor characters are also played by the same actors who played them on stage.  The only major change to the cast is Vivien Leigh, who replaces Jessica Tandy in the role of Blanche.  Tandy had won a Tony for playing the role of Blanche but the film’s producer insisted on an actress who had more box office appeal.  After both Bette Davis and Olivia de Havilland (both of whom would have had too strong of a personality to be believably pushed around by Stanley) declined the role, Vivien Leigh was cast.  Leigh has played Blanche on the London stage and, perhaps even more importantly, her own fragile mental health mirrored much of what Blanche had gone through before moving to New Orleans.

A few changes were made to the play.  In the play, it’s made clear that Blanche’s husband committed suicide after he was caught having an affair with another man.  In the film, Blanche simply says that her husband was too sensitive.  The film also includes a few scenes that are set outside of the apartment in an attempt to open up the play.  (That said, the film still comes across as being rather stagey.)  In the play, it’s made clear what Stanley does to Blanche while Stella is at the hospital.  The film leaves it ambiguous, though still providing enough hints for the audience to figure it out on their own.  Finally, the film ends with a suggestion that Stanley will ultimately suffer for his bad behavior.  It’s hardly a happy ending but it’s still not as dark as what happens in the play.

The film definitely retains its theatrical origins.  It’s very much a filmed play and again, it can feel rather stagey.  But the performance are so strong that it really doesn’t matter.  A Streetcar Named Desire was the first film to win three of the acting awards, with Oscars going to Hunter, Malden, and Leigh.  Marlon Brando was nominated for Best Actor but did not win, largely because he was competing against Humphrey Bogart who, himself, had never won an Oscar.  (The Brando snub would be rectified when he later won for On The Waterfront.)  Brando’s performance as Stanley still holds up today.  He’s so ferociously charismatic that it’s actually a bit scary to watch him.  One can see what drew Stella to him, even though Stanley is very much not a good man.  It’s a performance that will definitely take by surprise anyone who knows Brando only from his later years, when he was known for his weight and his oft-stated boredom with acting.  A Streetcar Named Desire shows just how brilliant an actor Marlon Brando was at the start of his career.  The intensity of Brando’s method acting matches up perfectly with Vivien Leigh’s more traditional style of acting and the film becomes not just the story of a domineering brute and a fragile houseguest but also a metaphor for the death of the antebellum South.  If Blanche represents a genteel past that may have never existed, Stanley represents the brutality of the 20th Century.

Along with the similarly dark A Place In The Sun, A Streetcar named Desire was considered to be a front runner for the 1951 Best Picture Oscar.  In the end, though, the voters went for the much less depressing An American In Paris.

A Streetcar Named Desire (1951, dir by Elia Kazan, DP: Harry Stradling)